球面镜片与非球面镜片在成像上的区别是怎样的?
最佳答案:
球面镜片与非球面镜片在成像上的区别主要体现在以下几个方面:
1. 几何形状
- 球面镜片:镜片表面呈球形弧度,内外两面都为球面,或一面是球面,另一面是平面。
- 非球面镜片:镜片边缘部分被削去少许,形成一个类似抛物线的形状,其横切面呈平面状。
2. 成像质量
- 球面镜片:由于其曲率是固定均匀的,因此在不同角度观察物体时,像差会发生变化,可能导致影像不清、视觉歪曲、视野狭小等不良现象。
- 非球面镜片:具有更复杂的曲率,边缘部分的平面化处理可以使光线更好地聚焦于一点,消除周边视觉像差,减少边缘事物扭曲,提供更清晰、更自然的视觉效果。
3. 视觉体验
- 球面镜片:可能因像差导致视觉体验较差,尤其是在夜间或光线较弱的情况下。
- 非球面镜片:提供更广阔的视野和更好的视觉体验,尤其是在夜间光线散射效果好,适合经常驾车的人士。
4. 外观与价格
- 球面镜片:突起比较明显,可能导致外观不够美观。
- 非球面镜片:相对平整,更薄,抗冲撞性也更强,但价格通常比球面镜片更贵。
非球面镜片在成像质量、视觉体验和外观上通常优于球面镜片,但价格也相对较高。在选择镜片时,应根据个人的视力状况、经济情况和需求来决定。
球面镜片与非球面镜片在成像上的区别是怎样的?
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非球面和球面的区别究竟是什么?
同一材料、同一度数的球面与非球面相比,非球面镜片更平、更薄、视物更逼真、更自然舒适
传统的球面镜片,镜片周边看物体有扭曲的现象,限制了配戴者的视野,非球面镜片边缘像差减到最底,使它宽阔视野可以满足顾客的需求。非球面镜片的表面弧度是非球面设计的,这种设计比起球面设计镜片的优点是:
1、更清晰:经过特有的镀膜处理的非球面镜片更拥有完美的视觉表现,呈现更清晰,舒适的视觉效果。
2、更轻松:戴上非球面镜片后几乎感觉不到它的存在,它为您的眼睛减肥,尽情享受它带给您的轻松随意。
3、更自然:非球面的设计,更自然,视觉变形少,视物更逼真。
区分球面与非球面
球面镜和非球面的最主要的区别也就是这个弧度的问题。球面镜弧度比非球面镜弧度大,肉眼看起来球面镜要弯一些
所谓球面和非球面,主要是针对镜头(各种相继、显微镜等镜头)、眼镜(包括隐形眼镜)的镜片几何外形而言,即球面镜片与非球面镜片。二者在几何外形上的差别决定了它们在平行的入射光的折射方向上产生差异,从而影响其成像效果的好坏。
球面镜片,其镜片呈球面的弧度,其横切面亦呈弧状。当不同波长的光线,以平行光轴入射后镜片上不同的位置时,在菲林平面(与镜片中心和镜片焦点联机相垂直的、通过焦点的平面)上不能聚焦成一点,而形成像差的问题,影响影像的质素,例如出现清楚度下降和变形等现象。一般普通镜头是采用球面镜片组成的。
为解决这一成像问题,可以透过在镜身内增加镜片以作为对像差的矫正,但此举可能会引起反效果,进一步削弱影像质素,因为额外的镜片,除增加光线在镜身内反射的机会,引起耀光现象外,亦会增加镜头的体积和重量。
非球面镜片,其镜片并非呈球面的弧度,而是镜片边绿部份被「削」去少许,其横切面呈平面状。当光线入射到非球面镜面时,光线能够聚焦于一点,亦即菲林平面上,以消除各种象差。例如耀光现象在球面镜使用大光圈会比细光圈下拍摄来得严重,但若然加入非球面镜便可将耀光情况大大降低;又例如影像呈现变形(枕状或桶状),乃因镜头内的光线没有适当折射而产生,以变焦镜为例,短焦距时通常是桶状变形而变焦至长焦距时则为枕状变形,若采用非球面镜,则可以改善这方面的像差。
引用非球面镜技术,对生产大光圈、高倍数变焦、以至极端广角及远摄的镜头最为有利,影像质素因像差的减少而有所提高,镜身体积亦有缩小。现时市面有不少镜头生产商均表示旗下部份焦距的镜头采用了非球面镜片,以至轻便变焦相机(例如28至90mm、38至105mm等)都采用非球面镜设计,以提高影像质素。
非球面镜制作的难处在于它的几何尺寸的设计和几何尺寸的精密控制,目前这方面的技术日本最为先进。当前非球面镜的加工主要由两种方式:一类是采用高精密度研磨技术(手工或机械)对球面镜片进行再加工;一类是用高精度的模具进行压模或注塑方式直接制作非球面镜。
非球面光学零件塑料成型技术
光学塑料成型技术是当前制造塑料非球面光学零件的先进技术,它包括注射成型、铸造成型和压制成型等技术。光学塑料注射成型技术主要用来批量生产直径为100毫米以下的非球面透镜光学零件,也可制造微型透镜阵列。而铸造和压制成型技术主要用于制造直径为100毫米的非球面透镜光学零件。
塑料非球面光学零件由于具有重量轻、成本低,光学零件和安装部件可以注塑成为一个整体从而节省装配工作量,以及耐冲击性能好等优点,在军事、摄影、医学、工业等领域有着非常广阔的应用前景。例如,在美国AN/AVS-6型飞行员微光夜视眼镜中就采用了9块非球面塑料透镜。另外,在AN/PVS-7步兵微光夜视眼镜、HOT夜视眼镜、“铜斑蛇”激光制导炮弹导引头和其它光电制导导引头、激光测距机、军用望远镜以及各种照相机的取景器中也都采用了非球面塑料透镜。美国TBE公司在制造某种末制导自动导引头用非球面光学零件时,曾对几种光学塑料透镜成型技术做过经济分析对比,认为采用注射成型技术制造非球面塑料光学透镜费效比最佳。
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